
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Log Patents \\ (mean = 2.13, sd = 1.56)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Log Breakthrough patents \\ (mean = 0.77, sd = 1.14)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                              & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity          & 0.640$^{***}$ & 0.596$^{***}$ & 0.422$^{***}$ & 0.254$^{***}$ & 0.210$^{***}$ & 0.154$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.034)       & (0.030)       & (0.041)       & (0.037)       & (0.026)       & (0.029)\\   
   Population                 & 0.340$^{***}$ & 0.302$^{***}$ & 0.215$^{***}$ & 0.244$^{***}$ & 0.218$^{***}$ & 0.153$^{***}$\\   
                              & (0.039)       & (0.036)       & (0.060)       & (0.041)       & (0.038)       & (0.044)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.437$^{***}$ & 0.431$^{***}$ & 0.338$^{***}$ & 0.163$^{***}$ & 0.119$^{***}$ & 0.110$^{***}$\\   
                               & (0.051)       & (0.063)       & (0.044)       & (0.026)       & (0.027)       & (0.025)\\   
   Predicted population        & 0.279$^{***}$ & 0.210$^{***}$ & 0.015         & 0.211$^{***}$ & 0.192$^{***}$ & 0.045\\   
                               & (0.050)       & (0.049)       & (0.046)       & (0.049)       & (0.049)       & (0.053)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 0.710$^{***}$ & 0.686$^{***}$ & 0.485$^{***}$ & 0.295$^{***}$ & 0.235$^{***}$ & 0.169$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.041)       & (0.031)       & (0.043)       & (0.047)       & (0.032)       & (0.034)\\   
   Population                            & 0.341$^{***}$ & 0.277$^{***}$ & 0.152$^{**}$  & 0.255$^{***}$ & 0.222$^{***}$ & 0.125\\   
                                         & (0.050)       & (0.039)       & (0.073)       & (0.055)       & (0.042)       & (0.082)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat  & 162; 426      & 147; 227      & 149; 29       & 162; 426      & 147; 227      & 149; 29\\  
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel D: First-stage estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
& \multicolumn{3}{c}{Surname diversity} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{Population}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
   Predicted surname diversity & 0.693$^{***}$     & 0.723$^{***}$     & 0.729$^{***}$     & -0.160$^{***}$ & -0.231$^{***}$ & -0.103$^{**}$ \\
                               & (0.075)           & (0.073)           & (0.074)           & (0.033)        & (0.042)        & (0.041)       \\
   Predicted population        & -0.009            & -0.076$^{*}$      & -0.142$^{**}$     & 0.837$^{***}$  & 0.948$^{***}$  & 0.550$^{***}$ \\
                               & (0.041)           & (0.040)           & (0.063)           & (0.053)        & (0.073)        & (0.107)       \\
    \\
   County fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Period fixed effects       & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               & \\  
   State-Period fixed effects &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  &               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends    &               &               & $\checkmark$  &               &               & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations               & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984        & 21,984\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


